PERAN PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANY (PMC) DALAM KONFLIK KRISIS KEPRESIDENAN VENEZUELA 2018-2020

Ahmad Mulyadi, Nina Widyaswasti Aisha, Ramiro Prabowo

Abstract


This research aims to analyze The Role of Private Military Companies (PMC) in Conflict Venezuelan Presidential Crisis 2018-2020. The research method used is a descriptive research method with a qualitative approach, where data collection is carried out through book sources, journal articles, essays, theses, and also internet sites. This research uses the theory of hard power diplomacy, where hard power diplomacy is a "tool" or approach in international relations that uses military and economic power to influence or force another party or country to follow the policies or interests of the country concerned. This often involves the use of threats, sanctions, economic pressure, or military action to achieve political goals. In this case, it can be seen that the US used hard power diplomacy, where the US used all its means to overthrow President Maduro by giving various "sanctions" to the country of Venezuela and supporting a puppet leader, who at that time wanted to become President Maduro's replacement.


Keywords


Actor, PMC, International Conflict, Hard Power Diplomacy

Full Text:

PDF

References


Aljazeera. (2019). Blackwater founder’s plan for mercenaries in Venezuela: Report. Aljazeera.

Arifin, M. A. (2018). the Legal Framework Issues of Pmsc: Indonesian Practice. Mimbar Hukum, 14(1), 28–48.

Avendano. (2020). Mercenary Goudreau traveled to Colombia on a private plane belonging to a Chavista contractor. Panam Post.

Berwick, Acosta, & Kinosian. (2020). Alleged Maduro Accomplice Surrenders to U.S. Agents, Will Help Prosecution: Sources. Reuters.

Budisantoso. (1999). Hubungan Sipil-Militer Yang Harmonis dan Sinergik Dalam Negara Kesatuan RI. In Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional: Vol. IV (Issue 2, pp. 9–16).

Borrell, & Solomon. (2020). The Mercenary Who Botched a Maduro Coup Is Lying Low in Florida. Bloomberg.

Cockayne, J., & Mears, E. (2009). Private Military and Security Companies: A Framework for Regulation. International Peace Institute. http://www.operationspaix.net/DATA/DOCUMENT/5215~v~Private_Military_and_Security_Companies__A_Framework_for_Regulation.pdf

Content, S., Essays, S., & Collections, E. (2012). Private Military Companies in the Contemporary Security Context. E-International Relations, 1–19.

Council of the European Union. (2023). The Business of War-Growing risks from Private Military Companies. Council of the European Union.

Erwin, & Helina. (2023). Tentara Bayaran Dalam Kaitan Implikasinya Terhadap Kerapuhan Perdamaian Internasional. Tanjungpura Law Journal, 7(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.26418/tlj.v7i1.61448

Faiola, Borburg, & Herrero. (2020). Venezuela Raid: How an ex-Green Beret and a Defecting General Planned to Capture Maduro. Washington Post.

Faiola, DeYoung, & Herrero. (2020). From a Miami condo to the Venezuelan coast, how a plan to ‘capture’ Maduro went rogue. The Washington Post.

France 24. (2020). Venezuela Arrests Two US ‘Mercenaries’ After Alleged Raid to Capture Maduro. France 24.

Giancarlo Fiorella. (2020). The Venezuela/Silvercorp USA Saga Keeps Getting Weirder. Bellingcat.

Goodman, J. (2020). Sources: US Investigating Ex-Green Beret for Venezuela Raid. AP News.

Holland, & Spetalnick. (2020). Trump Denies U.S. Role in What Venezuela Says was “Mercenary” Incursion. Reuters.

Mission Verdad. (2020). Macuto: A New Frustrated Chapter of the Armed Struggle Against Venezuela. Medium.

Mursitama, T. N., & Setyawan, W. (2012). Emerging Role of Multinational Corporations as Private Military Companies: Converging International Relations and International Business Perspectives. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(23), 205–212.

Otis, Vyas, & Donati. (2020). ‘Freedom Fighters’ Led by American Tried Invading Venezuela. The Wall Street Journal.

Pressly. (2020a). “Bay of Piglets”: A “Bizarre” Plot to Capture a President. BBC.

Pressly, L. (2020b, July 20). “Bay of Piglets”: A “bizarre” plot to capture a president. BBC New. https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-53557235

The Guardian Associated Press. (2024). US Man Who Planned 2020 Venezuela Coup Attempt Arrested for Arms Smuggling. The Guardian.

Rahmasari, D., & Mahayana, M. E. (2019, July 8). Dubes Venezuela Nyekar Ke TMP Kalibata Untuk Rayakan Hari Kemerdekaan Ke-208. Rakyat Merdeka.Id. https://rm.id/baca-berita/internasional/12804/dubes-venezuela-nyekar-ke-tmp-kalibata-untuk-rayakan-hari-kemerdekaan-ke208

Robles, F., & Turkewitz, J. (2020, May 7). An Incursion Into Venezuela, Straight Out of Hollywood. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/07/world/americas/venezuela-failed-overthrow.html

Sarjito. (2023). The Role of Private Military Companies in Defense Policy and Military Operations. Andalas Journal of International Studies (AJIS), 7(1).

Staff, T. G. (2019). Blackwater founder Erik Prince secretly met Venezuela vice-president. The Guardian.

The Conversation. (2020, May 18). Venezuela failed raid: US has a history of using mercenaries to undermine other regimes. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/venezuela-failed-raid-us-has-a-history-of-using-mercenaries-to-undermine-other-regimes-138356

Ward. (2020). The “Ridiculous” Failed Coup Attempt in Venezuela, Explained. Vox.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.