POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF TASTE IMPAIRMENT AS A CRUCIAL SYMPTOM OF COVID-19

Manuel Dwiyanto, Irma Binarti, Ratih Widyastuti, Novi Kurniati

Abstract


ABSTRAK

Latar Belakang: Pandemi  Coronavirus Disease –19 (COVID-19) adalah sindrom pernafasan akut yang parah, disebabkan oleh Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus–2 (SARS-CoV-2)  dan berdampak di seluruh negara. Penyakit ini menyebar terutama melalui jalur pernapasan. Gangguan rasa pengecapan adalah salah satu gejala awal COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 menyerang tubuh manusia melalui reseptor Angiotensin – Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2). Populasi sel dengan peningkatan kadar ACE2 yang diekspresikan pada sel epitel paru, jantung, usus, ginjal, pembuluh darah, otak, dan mukosa mulut akan menjadi paling rentan terkena infeksi virus. Adhesi protein spike SARS-CoV-2 ke ACE2 menyebabkan penurunan regulasi ACE2, yang mengakibatkan peningkatan Angiontensin II (Ang II). Ang II memiliki efek menurunkan respon terhadap rasa pengecapan dan mengatur amiloride – garam sensitif dan reaksi terhadap rasa manis. Tujuan: Menyoroti, mengeksplorasi dan menjelaskan kemungkinan mekanisme penurunan rasa pengecapan pada infeksi SARS-CoV-2. Metode: Menganalisis jurnal dari database Google Scholar, Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia, Science Direct, EBSCO, dan PubMed dari tahun 2011 sampai dengan tahun 2021. Kesimpulan: Patogenisitas dan kemampuan SARS-CoV-2 dalam gangguan rasa pengecapan melalui ACE2 yang mengarah akumulasi Angiotensin II dan mengakibatkan terjadinya penekanan respons rasa, namun masih dibutuhkan investigasi lebih lanjut untuk memastikan mekanisme yang pasti.

 

Kata kunci: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, gangguan pengecapan, ACE2, Ang II, amiloride

 

ABSTRACT

Background: Corona virus disease – 19 (COVID-19) pandemic is a syndrome caused by infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus–2 (SARS-CoV-2) and impacting all over the countries. Gustatory impairment is one of early illness and signs in COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 invades the person body via angiotensin – converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. Cell populations with elevated level of expressed ACE2 (epithelial cells of the pulmonary, cardiac, intestinal, renal, blood vessels, brain and oral mucosa) will be most vulnerable from viral infection. The adhesion of SARS- CoV-2 spike protein to ACE2 caused ACE2 downregulation, result in an enhancement of Angiontensin II (Ang II). Ang II has suppressive effects on gustatory responses and regulates amiloride – sensitive salt and sweet sense reactions. Purpose: Highlights and explores the possible mechanisms of the taste impairment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Method: Journal analysis from Google Scholar, National Library of the Republic of Indonesia, Science Direct, EBSCO, and PubMed databases from 2011 to 2021. Conclusion The pathogenicity and capability of SARS-CoV-2 in taste impairment via ACE2 leading to Angiotensin II accumulation and as a consequence of suppressive effects on taste responses. Further investigation to ascertain its mechanism is needed.

 

Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, taste impairment, ACE2, Ang II, amiloride


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